Karl Fischer Moisture Analyzer
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| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Model | 851 Titrando |
| Principle | Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration |
| Automation Level | Fully Automated with MSB Interface Support |
| Compliance Ready | ASTM D6304, ISO 760, USP <921>, EP 2.5.12, GLP/GMP Traceability Capable |
| Software Platform | tiamo™ (PC-based) or Integrated Touchscreen Control (Optional) |
| Reagent Handling | Auto-replacement via Dosino (MSB interface), drift-triggered or usage-based initiation |
| Sample Introduction | Compatible with 814/815 USB Sample Processors and 874 Oven Sampler |
| Bromine Number Analysis | Yes, using same electrode set and cell with solvent switch |
| Electrode Configuration | Dual-platinum generator and indicator electrodes, hermetically sealed coulometric cell |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Manufacturer Type | Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) |
| Origin Category | Imported |
| Model | 852 |
| Titration Mode | Fully Automated |
| Instrument Type | Dual-Mode Karl Fischer Titrator (Coulometric & Volumetric) |
| Software Control | tiamo™ |
| Sample Handling Options | Compatible with 814/815 USB Sample Processors and 874 Oven Sample Heater |
| Bromine Number Analysis Capability | Yes, using same electrode set and titration cell with solvent exchange |
| Reagent Exchange Automation | Supported via MSB interface with Dosino or Multi-dosing Units |
| User Interface | Optional 7-inch TFT Touchscreen or PC-based tiamo™ Workstation |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Model | 852 Titrando |
| Measurement Principle | Coulometric & Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration |
| Water Content Range | 1 µg – 100% (w/w) |
| Automation Interface | MSB (Multi-Sample Base) port for 864/874/814/815 peripherals |
| Software Platform | tiamo™ 3.3 or later |
| Compliance Ready | ASTM D6304, ISO 760, ISO 12937, USP <921>, EP 2.5.12, GLP/GMP audit trail capable |
| Electrode Configuration | Dual platinum indicator electrode + generator electrode (coulometric) |
| Reagent Handling | Auto-replacement via MSB-connected Dosino or Multi-Dosing Unit |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Manufacturer | Metrohm AG |
| Type | Imported Instrument |
| Model | 860 |
| Temperature Range | 50–250 °C |
| Temperature Accuracy | ±3 °C |
| Heating Rate | 15 °C/min (80–180 °C, 230 V) |
| Cooling Rate | 9 °C/min (80–180 °C, 230 V) |
| Carrier Gas Flow Range | 0–300 mL/min (standard conditions) |
| Compatible With | Volumetric and Coulometric Karl Fischer Titrators |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Model | 870 KF Titrino Plus (Volumetric) |
| Measurement Principle | Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration |
| Titration Resolution | 1/10,000 (0.0001 mL) |
| Display | Integrated LCD with Real-Time Titration Curve |
| Input Interface | USB Keyboard & Optical Mouse |
| Dosing Unit | Smart Exchange Unit with Embedded EEPROM Chip |
| Titration Stand | 803 KF Dedicated Titration Stand (Integrated Membrane Pump) |
| Stirring | 801 Magnetic Stirrer (Optional) |
| Connectivity | 1 × USB Port, 1 × MSB Port (Metrohm Serial Bus), RS-232 via USB Adapter (Optional) |
| Compliance | Full GLP/GMP Support, Audit Trail, User Management, Electronic Signatures (21 CFR Part 11 Ready), ASTM E203, ISO 760, USP <921>, EP 2.5.12 |
| Safety Features | Liquid Overflow Prevention, Reagent Transfer Safeguard, Waste Bottle Anti-Siphon Valve, Ethanol-Compatible Solvent System |
| Operating Language | English Only |
| Sample Forms | Solids, Liquids, Gases |
| Moisture Range | 10 ppm to 100 wt% |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Germany |
| Model | 870 Titrino Plus |
| Instrument Type | Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration System |
| Moisture Range | 10 ppm to 100% w/w |
| Accuracy | ≤0.3% RSD |
| Minimum Dispensing Increment | 1/2000 of burette volume |
| Burette Resolution | 1/10,000 |
| GLP/GMP Compliance | Full audit trail, electronic signatures, method validation support |
| Safety Features | Anti-siphon waste bottle, solvent exchange via 803 KF titration stand with membrane pump, conditioning parameter control for pre-titration volume limits |
| Interface | USB (keyboard, mouse, printer, balance, barcode reader, flash drive), RS-232 via optional adapter |
| Display | LCD with real-time titration curve |
| Stirring | Integrated 803 KF titration stand (standard), 801 magnetic stirrer (optional) |
| Input Hardware | High-resolution analog-to-digital converter for precise endpoint detection |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Manufacturer Type | Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) |
| Origin Category | Imported |
| Model | 885 |
| Titration Mode | Fully Automated |
| Instrument Type | Volumetric Karl Fischer Titrator with Integrated Headspace Heater |
| Sample Handling | Headspace vial-based, non-contact sample introduction |
| Compliance | Designed for GLP/GMP environments, supports 21 CFR Part 11–compliant software modules (when paired with OMNIS platform) |
| Power Supply | 100–240 V AC, 50/60 Hz |
| Data Storage | Internal instrument memory + optional networked database via OMNIS Software |
| Environmental Operating Conditions | 10–40 °C, 20–80% RH (non-condensing) |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Model | 890 Titrando |
| Titration Principle | Volumetric Karl Fischer (Iodometric Coulometric-Independent) |
| Detection Range | 10 ppm – 100% H₂O |
| Electrode Resolution | 0.1 mV |
| Burette Resolution | 1/20,000 |
| Burette Volumes Available | 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 mL |
| Compliance | FDA 21 CFR Part 11, GLP, GMP |
| Control Options | Integrated Color Touchscreen & PC via tiamo™ Software |
| Interface Standards | MSB, USB 2.0, Polarization Electrode Port |
| Safety Features | Safety Stop™, Integrated Membrane Pump, Anti-Overflow Waste System |
| Data Storage | On-device (300–500 methods/results with curves), Unlimited via tiamo™ on PC |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Manufacturer | Metrohm AG |
| Type | Volumetric Karl Fischer Titrator |
| Model | 890 |
| Titration Mode | Fully Automatic |
| Measurement Principle | Coulometric & Volumetric KF (Volumetric mode enabled) |
| Current Range | –120 to +120 µA |
| Potential Accuracy | ±0.2 mV |
| Minimum Dispensing Volume | 10 µL |
| Electrode Polarization Control | Adjustable Pol/Upol modes |
| Safety Features | Safety Stop function, integrated membrane pump, anti-overflow waste system |
| Sealing Performance | Ultra-low drift design |
| Interface Standards | MSB bus, USB 2.0, RS-232, Ethernet (LAN/LIMS/Intranet capable) |
| Software | tiamo™ PC software (multi-instrument control, audit trail, FDA 21 CFR Part 11 compliant), built-in color touchscreen with method storage (300–500 methods + curves) |
| Compliance | Fully compliant with ISO 8533, ASTM E203, USP <921>, EP 2.5.12, JP 2.07, GLP/GMP, and FDA 21 CFR Part 11 (electronic records & signatures) |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Manufacturer Type | Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) |
| Instrument Type | Coulometric Karl Fischer Titrator |
| Titration Mode | Fully Automatic |
| Moisture Measurement Range | 10 µg – 200 mg (up to 1000 mg max) |
| Accuracy | ±3 µg (for 10–1000 µg H₂O), ±0.3% (for ≥1000 µg H₂O) |
| Electrolysis Rate | 2240 µg H₂O/min |
| Pre-stored Methods | 3 |
| User-Defined Methods | 100 |
| Operator/Expert Mode Switching | Yes |
| Sample Detection & Auto-Start | Yes |
| Integrated Magnetic Stirring | Yes |
| External Stirrer Support | One 801 or 803 stirrer |
| Connectivity | 1 × USB port, RS-232/USB converter (optional) |
| Power Supply | External AC adapter or rechargeable power pack (optional) |
| Dimensions (W×H×D, without titration cell shield) | 144 × 112 × 282 mm |
| Compliance | ASTM E1064-2008, ASTM D4928-00(2010), ASTM D6304-2007, ISO 15512, ISO 10337-1997, GB/T 6283-2008, GB/T 11146-2009, GB/T 3727-2003, GB/T 5074-1985, GB/T 6023-2008, GB/T 7376-2008, GB/T 7600-1987, GB/T 18619.1-2002, GB/T 18826-2002, SH/T 0246-1992, SH/T 0255-1992, Chinese Pharmacopoeia General Method 0832 (Karl Fischer) |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Manufacturer Type | Manufacturer |
| Origin Category | Imported |
| Model | 901 |
| Titration Mode | Fully Automatic Volumetric Titration |
| Instrument Type | Volumetric Karl Fischer Titrator |
| Moisture Measurement Range | ppm to 100% |
| Measurement Accuracy | ±0.2 mV, ±0.02 µA |
| Minimum Dispensing Volume | 10 µL |
| Interface Options | USB, RS-232, Remote I/O |
| Compliance | FDA 21 CFR Part 11 |
| Software Platform | tiamo™ |
| Sample Automation Compatibility | Titrando system with USB Sample Processor, 860 Oven Sampler, or 874 Oven Autosampler |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Germany |
| Model | 915 KF Ti-Touch |
| Titration Principle | Volumetric Karl Fischer |
| Moisture Range | 10 ppm – 100% |
| Measurement Accuracy | ±0.2 mV |
| Minimum Dispensing Resolution | 1/20,000 |
| Electrode Modes | Ipol (polarizing current) & Upol (polarizing voltage) |
| Integrated Components | Dosino dosing unit, magnetic stirrer, titration vessel, touchscreen interface, built-in membrane pump |
| Connectivity | 2 × MSB ports, 2 × USB ports, Ethernet, optional RS-232/USB converter |
| Data Output | UDF-secured PDF reports, tiBase-compatible export, LIMS/GMP-compliant audit trail support |
| Language Support | English, German, Spanish, French, Chinese |
| Compliance | ISO 8536-5, ASTM E203, USP <921>, EP 2.5.12, GLP/GMP-ready with electronic signature capability |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Manufacturer | Metrohm AG |
| Type | Imported Instrument |
| Model | 915 KF Ti-Touch |
| Titration Mode | Fully Automated |
| Method Principle | Volumetric and Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration |
| Moisture Range | 10 ppm to 100% w/w |
| Measurement Accuracy | ±0.2 mV |
| Minimum Dispensing Increment | 1/10,000 of Burette Volume |
| Dual-Channel Expandability | Yes (via 2 MSB ports) |
| Sample Processor Compatibility | 814/815 Sample Changers |
| Data Output | PDF Report (anti-counterfeit, timestamped, digitally signed), USB storage, network/LIMS integration |
| Safety Features | Auto-stop volume limit, electrode fault detection, reagent-handling isolation via Dosino |
| User Interface | 7″ capacitive touchscreen with 14 customizable method shortcuts |
| Software Integration | tiBase data management platform |
| Compliance Support | GLP/GMP-ready audit trail, 21 CFR Part 11–compatible reporting (when used with tiBase and networked environment) |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Manufacturer | Metrohm AG |
| Type | Coulometric Karl Fischer Moisture Analyzer |
| Titration Mode | Fully Automated |
| Water Content Range | 10 µg – 200 mg (up to 1000 mg max) |
| Accuracy | ±0.3% (for H₂O ≥ 1000 µg) |
| Electrolysis Rate | up to 2241 µg H₂O/min |
| Generator Current Settings | 100, 200, 400 mA or Auto |
| Indicator Electrode Polarization Current | AC: 5, 10, 20, 30 µA |
| DC | –125…+125 µA |
| Indicator Electrode Potential Resolution | 0.1 mV |
| Bromine Number/Bromine Index Mode | Yes |
| Integrated Peristaltic Pump | Yes |
| USB Ports | 2 (for printer, keyboard, barcode scanner, storage) |
| Network Interface | Yes (LIMS, network printing, remote data archiving) |
| Touchscreen | 90 mm × 120 mm color display with real-time titration curve |
| Method & Result Storage | Internal database + USB export (PDF, CSV) |
| Language Support | English, French, German, Spanish, Chinese |
| Quick-Access Icons | 14 customizable |
| Operator/Expert Mode | Yes |
| Drift Correction | Manual/Auto/Off |
| Re-calculation & Custom Formula Support | Yes |
| Sample Heating Compatibility | Optional 860 (single-position) or 885 (18-position) KF Oven |
| Compliance | Designed for GLP/GMP environments |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Manufacturer | Metrohm AG |
| Instrument Type | Coulometric Karl Fischer Titrator |
| Measurement Range | 10 µg – 200 mg H₂O |
| Accuracy | ±0.3% |
| Titration Mode | Fully Automatic Coulometric Titration |
| Sample Introduction | Direct liquid injection or optional oven coupling (e.g., 885 Compact Oven) |
| Compliance | Designed for GLP/GMP environments |
| Data Integrity | Audit-trail ready configuration available |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Manufacturer | Metrohm AG |
| Instrument Type | Volumetric Karl Fischer Titrator |
| Automation Level | Fully Automated Titration |
| Moisture Range | 10 ppm to 100% (w/w) |
| Minimum Burette Delivery | 1/20,000 of burette volume |
| User Methods | 120 preconfigured methods |
| Display | Multilingual capacitive touchscreen (Chinese included) |
| Data Export | PDF reports via USB flash drive |
| Operating Modes | Expert Mode & Routine Mode with password protection |
| Solvent Handling | Integrated solvent pump for safe, contact-free reagent dispensing and burette filling/emptying |
| GLP Compliance | Audit-trail-ready reporting, electronic signature support, and traceable method execution |
| Brand | Metrohm |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Manufacturer | Metrohm AG |
| Type | Volumetric Karl Fischer Titrator |
| Titration Mode | Fully Automated |
| Measurement Range | –2400 to +2400 mV |
| Accuracy | ±3 µg (for 10–1000 µg water) |
| Minimum Dispense Volume | 10 µg |
| Brand | METTLER TOLEDO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Instrument Type | Coulometric Karl Fischer Moisture Analyzer |
| Water Content Range | 10 µg – 200 µg |
| Measurement Accuracy | ±0.3 µg |
| Minimum Sample Injection Volume | 1 µL |
| Compliance | Fully compatible with GLP/GMP data integrity requirements (21 CFR Part 11 audit trail ready) |
| Electrode Options | Membrane-free and membrane-type electrolysis electrodes |
| Solvent Management | Integrated Solvent Manager with LevelSens level monitoring |
| Sample Introduction Modes | Direct injection, oven-based headspace extraction (up to 300 °C) |
| Brand | METTLER TOLEDO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Instrument Type | Coulometric Karl Fischer Titrator |
| Model | C20S / C30S |
| Titration Mode | Fully Automatic |
| Measurement Resolution | 0.1 mV |
| Water Content Range | 10 µg – 200 mg H₂O |
| Accuracy | ±0.3% (for samples containing >1 mg H₂O) |
| Minimum Charge Delivery | 0.1 mC |
| Titration Control Precision | 0.1 mC |
| Brand | METTLER TOLEDO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Instrument Type | Coulometric Karl Fischer Moisture Analyzer |
| Titration Mode | Fully Automated |
| Measurement Resolution | 0.1 mV |
| Water Content Range | 10 µg – 200 mg H₂O |
| Accuracy | ±0.3% (for samples containing >1 mg H₂O) |
| Minimum Dosing Increment | 0.1 mC |
| Titration Control Precision | 0.1 mC |
| Brand | METTLER TOLEDO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Model | C20S / C30S |
| Compliance | GLP/GMP-ready, FDA 21 CFR Part 11–capable (with LabX Server) |
| Electrode Options | Membrane-free or membrane-separated coulometric electrolysis cell |
| Interface | 7-inch full-color capacitive touchscreen with One Click™ UI |
| Language Support | English, Chinese, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Russian, Polish, Korean, Portuguese |
| Connectivity | USB 2.0 (printer, flash drive), Ethernet (TCP/IP), RS232 (optional) |
| User Management | 4-tier permission hierarchy with password protection and audit trail logging |
| Software Integration | LabX Express (standalone), LabX Server (networked, multi-instrument, compliant archiving) |
| Automation Ready | Compatible with InMotion KF Heating Oven Autosampler (C30S only) |
| Solvent Handling | Integrated Solvent Manager with automated reagent dispensing and waste evacuation |
| Certifications | CE, UL, RoHS |
| Brand | METTLER TOLEDO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Instrument Type | Coulometric Karl Fischer Titrator |
| Model | ET08 |
| Moisture Range | 1 ppm – 100% (w/w) |
| Accuracy | ≤0.3% RSD |
| Minimum Dispensing Resolution | 1/2000 of full stroke |
| Compliance | Designed for GLP/GMP environments with audit-trail-ready operation |
| Brand | METTLER TOLEDO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Model | ET08 |
| Instrument Type | Coulometric & Volumetric Karl Fischer Titrator |
| Moisture Measurement Range | 100 ppm – 100% (w/w) |
| Voltage Input Range | 0–2000 mV |
| Polarization Current Resolution | ±0.1 µA |
| Minimum Detectable Water Content | 100 ppm |
| Dimensions (W×D×H) | 170 × 220 × 350 mm |
| Weight | 1.9 kg (instrument only), +0.8 kg (magnetic stirrer base) |
| Display | 4.3-inch RGB touchscreen (480 × 272 pixels) |
| Power Supply | 24 VDC / 1.25 A |
| Input | 100–240 VAC ±10%, 50/60 Hz |
| Operating Environment | 5–40 °C, ≤80% RH at 31 °C |
| Communication Interfaces | USB-A (high/low speed), USB-B (high/low speed) |
| Brand | METTLER TOLEDO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland (manufactured globally per ISO 9001-certified facilities) |
| Instrument Type | Coulometric Karl Fischer Titrator |
| Automation | Fully integrated InMotion™ KF Autosampler with programmable heating oven (50–250 °C) |
| Sample Capacity | 26 positions on 25 cm footprint |
| Compliance | ASTM D6304, ISO 8534, USP <921>, EP 2.5.12, GLP/GMP-ready with 21 CFR Part 11 audit trail capability |
| Data Management | Built-in One Click™ workflow automation, METTLER TOLEDO LabX® software compatibility |
| Brand | METTLER TOLEDO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Instrument Type | Volumetric Karl Fischer Titrator |
| Moisture Range | 10 ppm to 100% |
| Measurement Resolution | ±2300 mV / 0.1 mV |
| Detection Limit | 0.1 µg H₂O |
| Minimum Water Delivery | 0.2 mg per sample (RSD ≤ 1%) |
| Titration Precision | 120,000 steps |
| Titration Mode | Fully Automated Volumetric Titration |
| Compliance | FDA 21 CFR Part 11, ISO/IEC 17025, ASTM E203, USP <921>, EP 2.5.12 |
| Brand | METTLER TOLEDO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland (manufactured in METTLER TOLEDO facilities) |
| Instrument Type | Volumetric Karl Fischer Titrator with Integrated Heated Autosampling System |
| Compliance | ASTM D6304, ISO 8534, USP <921>, EP 2.5.12, GLP/GMP-ready |
| Sample Capacity | 26 positions (heated sample carousel) |
| Temperature Control Range | Ambient to 150 °C (adjustable per vial) |
| Titration Resolution | 0.001 mL reagent dispense |
| Reagent Delivery | Dual-piston burette with integrated moisture-tight sealing |
| Software Platform | LabX® with 21 CFR Part 11 compliance, audit trail, electronic signatures |
| Connectivity | Ethernet, USB, RS-232 |
| Brand | METTLER TOLEDO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Model | EVA V1/V3 |
| Application Scope | Liquid and soluble solid samples |
| Titration Principle | Volumetric Karl Fischer (Iodine-based redox titration) |
| Electrode Type | Digital polarizable dual-platinum electrode |
| Control Algorithm | Fast Forward Algorithm (FFA) for real-time current-based endpoint prediction |
| Sample Weight Transfer | Direct integration with METTLER TOLEDO balances via RS232/USB |
| Data Export | CSV, PDF via Ethernet or USB drive |
| Printer Support | METTLER TOLEDO thermal & dot-matrix printers (A4/letter) |
| Software Platform | LabX™ PC-based software with optional Active Directory integration |
| Security Features | User-level access control, audit trail, 21 CFR Part 11–compliant electronic signatures (with LabX validation package) |
| Solvent Handling | Fully automated solvent exchange and burette purging |
| Optional Accessories | Homogenizer kit, micro-vial holders, 2.5 m remote terminal cable for fume hood operation |
| Reproducibility | ≤0.3% RSD for triplicate analysis under GLP conditions |
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer Type | Authorized Distributor |
| Regional Origin | Domestic (China) |
| Model | V20 |
| Price | USD 13,500 (FOB Shanghai) |
| Detection Range | 10 ppm – 100% water content |
| Measurement Resolution | 0.5 µg H₂O |
| Electrode Potential Resolution | 0.1 mV |
| Titrator Resolution | 1/20,000 steps (0.25 µL with 5 mL burette) |
| Drift | < 5 µg H₂O/min |
| Repeatability | ±0.3% (for samples containing >10 mg H₂O) |
| Operating Temperature | +5 °C to +40 °C |
| Relative Humidity | ≤80% at 31 °C |
| Display | 5.7″ QVGA TFT color touchscreen (320 × 240 px) |
| Dimensions (L×W×H) | 333 × 210 × 320 mm |
| Weight | 4.2 kg |
| Interface Standards | Ethernet, 3× USB, RS232, CAN bus, TTL |
| Brand | METTLER TOLEDO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Model | V20S |
| Titration Method | Volumetric Karl Fischer |
| Display | 7-inch full-color capacitive touchscreen |
| User Interface Languages | Chinese, English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Russian, Polish, Korean, Portuguese |
| Connectivity | USB, Ethernet (TCP/IP), LabX PC software compatible |
| Preloaded Methods | Up to 5 user-defined methods |
| Customizable One Click™ shortcuts | Up to 12 per user |
| Compliance | Designed for ISO/IEC 17025, ASTM E203, USP <921>, EP 2.5.12, and FDA 21 CFR Part 11-ready environments (when used with LabX) |
| Brand | METTLER TOLEDO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Instrument Type | Volumetric Karl Fischer Titrator |
| Model | V20S |
| Moisture Range | 10 ppm to 100% (w/w) |
| Accuracy | ±0.3% relative |
| Minimum Dispensing Volume | 1 µL |
| Compliance | ASTM E203, ISO 760, USP <921>, EP 2.5.12, GLP/GMP-ready |
| Software | titrando® with One Click™ workflow engine |
| Electrode Options | Membrane-free or membrane-separated generator electrodes |
| Solvent Management | Integrated Solvent Manager with LevelSens™ level monitoring |
| Sample Introduction | Direct addition, oven coupling (up to 300 °C), and headspace extraction |