Optical Measurement Instruments
Filter
Showing 3781–3810 of 3889 results
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WGZ-1000B |
| Type | Portable |
| Measurement Range | 0.000–20.00 NTU |
| Resolution | 0.001 NTU |
| Operating Temperature | 5–40 °C |
| Accuracy | ≤ ±2% |
| Light Source | LED infrared |
| Detection Principle | Ratio-based scattered-transmitted light measurement |
| Compliance | ISO 7027, HJ 1075–2019, GLP |
| Data Storage | 2000 records |
| Power Supply | 4 × AA alkaline batteries or 5 V USB |
| Display | Backlit LCD |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WGZ-200 |
| Type | Portable |
| Measurement Range | 0.000–20.00 NTU |
| Resolution | 0.01 NTU |
| Operating Temperature | 5–40 °C |
| Accuracy | ≤ ±3% |
| Compliance | ISO 7027, HJ 1075–2019, Chinese Pharmacopoeia General Chapter 0902 (Method II) |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WGZ-2000B |
| Type | Portable |
| Measurement Range | 0.000–20.00 NTU |
| Resolution | 0.001 NTU |
| Operating Temperature | 5–40 °C |
| Accuracy | ≤ ±2% |
| Power Supply | 4 × AA alkaline batteries or 5 V USB power |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WGZ-200B |
| Type | Portable |
| Measurement Range | 0.000–20.00 NTU |
| Resolution | 0.01 NTU |
| Operating Temperature | 5–40 °C |
| Accuracy | ≤ ±3% |
| Power Supply | 4×AA alkaline batteries or 5 V USB power |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WSC-1B / WSC-2B / WSC-3B |
| Optical Geometry | 8°/d (diffuse illumination, 8° viewing) |
| Illuminant Options | D65, D50, A |
| Observer Angle | 10° standard observer |
| Spectral Response | Silicon photodiode array |
| Repeatability | ≤0.07 ΔE*ab (WSC-1B), ≤0.06 ΔE*ab (WSC-2B & WSC-3B), measured on white calibration tile (n=30) |
| Inter-instrument Agreement | ≤0.80 ΔE*ab (WSC-1B), ≤0.50 ΔE*ab (WSC-2B), ≤0.40 ΔE*ab (WSC-3B) |
| Measurement Aperture | Φ4 mm (WSC-1B), Φ8 mm (WSC-2B), dual Φ8 mm / Φ4 mm (WSC-3B) |
| Display | 2.8″ TFT true-color LCD |
| Color Spaces | CIE L*a*b*, L*C*h*, XYZ, RGB, L*u*v*, YI (Yellowness Index), WI (Whiteness Index), Color Fastness |
| Color Difference Formulas | ΔE*ab, ΔE*C*h*, ΔE*94, ΔE*CMC, ΔE*00, ΔE*Hunter |
| Storage Capacity | 100 reference standards + 20,000 sample measurements |
| Power | Rechargeable lithium-polymer battery (3.7 V, 3200 mAh) |
| charging time | 8 h |
| Operating Environment | −10 °C to 40 °C, 0–85% RH (non-condensing) |
| Dimensions & Weight | 205 × 67 × 80 mm / 450 g (WSC-1B) |
| Compliance | GB/T 3977–2008, GB/T 5698–2001, GB/T 7921–2008, JJG 595–1989 |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WSC-2S |
| Instrument Type | Desktop |
| Optical Geometry | 0°/45° integrating sphere |
| Illuminant | CIE Standard Illuminant D65 (10° observer) |
| Spectral Response | Equivalent to CIE 1964 10° standard observer tristimulus values X, Y, Z |
| Repeatability | δu(Y) ≤ 0.2, δu(x) ≤ 0.003, δu(y) ≤ 0.003 |
| Display | 7-inch capacitive touch screen |
| Color Spaces | CIE XYZ, CIE Yxy, CIELAB (L*a*b*), CIELCh, CIELUV, Hunter Lab |
| Whiteness Indices | Ganz, CIE Blue-Reflectance (W = B), ASTM E313 Yellowness Index (YI), Hunter Whiteness (Wh), Building Materials Whiteness (Wj), Taber (W = 4B − 3G) |
| Data Storage | 1,000 measurement sets with recall capability |
| Interfaces | USB host/device, USB flash drive support |
| Compliance | JJG 595–2002 (Class I), GB/T 13173–2021, GB/T 5950–2008, GB/T 17644–1998, ASTM E313, ISO 2470–1 |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WSF-1S |
| Product Type | Spectrophotometric Colorimeter |
| Instrument Type | Benchtop |
| Optical Geometry | d/8° Integrating Sphere |
| Light Source | Tungsten Halogen Lamp |
| Spectral Range | 400–700 nm |
| Repeatability | σu(Y) ≤ 0.5, σu(x), σu(y) ≤ 0.003 |
| Wavelength Accuracy | ±2 nm |
| Transmittance Accuracy | ±1.5% |
| Stability | ΔY ≤ 0.4 |
| Colorimetric Accuracy | ΔY ≤ 2, Δx/Δy ≤ 0.02 |
| Measurement Aperture | Φ20 mm |
| Display | 7-inch Touchscreen (Chinese UI) |
| Compliance | GBT 3978–2008 (equivalent to CIE No. 15:2004 under D65/A/C illuminants and 2°/10° standard observer) |
| Color Spaces | CIE XYZ, Yxy, CIELAB (L*a*b*), CIELUV (L*u*v*), CIELCH, Hunter Lab, Munsell, MI, CMYK, YI, Whiteness (Ganz, CIE, Blue Light, Taubel) |
| Color Difference Metrics | ΔE*ab, ΔEab, ΔE*uv |
| Communication | USB, RS232, USB Flash Drive Support |
| Power Supply | 220 V ± 22 V, 50 Hz ± 1 Hz, 70 W |
| Dimensions | 475 × 280 × 152 mm |
| Net Weight | 8 kg |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WSL-2 |
| Red Scale Range | R 0.1–R79.9 Lovibond Units |
| Yellow Scale Range | Y 0.1–Y79.9 Lovibond Units |
| Blue Scale Range | B 0.1–B49.9 Lovibond Units |
| Neutral Grey Scale Range | N 0.1–N3.9 Lovibond Units |
| Minimum Scale Division | 0.1 Lovibond Unit |
| White Reference Plate Diffuse Reflectance | >80% |
| Viewing Tube Diameter | φ30 mm, Length: 215 mm |
| Standard Cell Dimensions | 10×20×40 mm, 25.4×20×40 mm, and 133.4×20×40 mm |
| Magnification | 1.9× |
| Power Supply | 220 V ±22 V, 50 Hz ±1 Hz, 50 W |
| Instrument Dimensions (Main Unit) | 500×320×130 mm |
| Net Weight | 8 kg |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WSL-2 |
| Red Scale Range | R 0.1–R79.9 Lovibond Units |
| Yellow Scale Range | Y 0.1–Y79.9 Lovibond Units |
| Blue Scale Range | B 0.1–B49.9 Lovibond Units |
| Neutral Grey Scale Range | N 0.1–N3.9 Lovibond Units |
| Minimum Scale Division | 0.1 Lovibond Unit |
| White Reference Plate Diffuse Reflectance | >80% |
| Viewing Tube Diameter | φ30 mm, Length: 215 mm |
| Standard Cell Dimensions | 10 × 20 × 40 mm, 25.4 × 20 × 40 mm, and 133.4 × 20 × 40 mm |
| Magnifier Lens Magnification | 1.9× |
| Power Supply | 220 V ± 22 V, 50 Hz ± 1 Hz, 50 W |
| Instrument Dimensions (Main Unit) | 500 × 320 × 130 mm |
| Net Weight | 8 kg |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WSL-5S |
| Light Source | LED |
| Color Scale | Lovibond Tintometer Scale (R: 0.1–80, Y: 0.1–80, B: 0.1–50, N: 0.1–4 Lovibond Units) |
| Accuracy | ≤5% |
| Repeatability | ≤±0.2 Lovibond Units |
| Temperature Display Range | 0–50 °C |
| Data Storage Capacity | 1,000 measurements |
| Display | 7-inch color TFT touchscreen |
| Interfaces | RS232, USB, USB flash drive support |
| Cuvette Dimensions | 10 mm × 20 mm × 40 mm |
| Power Supply | 220–240 V AC, 50 Hz ±1 Hz, 20 W |
| Dimensions (L×W×H) | 368 mm × 270 mm × 150 mm |
| Net Weight | 4.5 kg |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WXG-4 (Sodium Lamp) |
| Product Type | Circular Scale Polarimeter |
| Temperature Control | Not Available |
| Digital Display | None |
| Light Source | Sodium Lamp (589 nm) |
| Measurement Range | ±180° |
| Angular Resolution | 0.05° |
| Angular Accuracy | 0.05° |
| Scale Division | 1° |
| Eyepiece Magnification | 4× |
| Sample Tube Length Options | 100 mm / 200 mm |
| Power Supply | 220 V ± 22 V, 50 Hz ± 1 Hz |
| Dimensions (L×W×H) | 435 mm × 135 mm × 320 mm |
| Net Weight | 5 kg |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WXG-4L |
| Product Type | Circular Scale Visual Polarimeter |
| Temperature Control | None |
| Digital Display | None |
| Light Source | LED (589 nm via interference filter) |
| Measurement Range | ±180° |
| Angular Resolution | 0.05° |
| Angular Accuracy | ±0.05° |
| Scale Division | 1° |
| Eyepiece Magnification | 4× |
| Sample Tube Lengths | 100 mm and 200 mm (standard) |
| Power Supply | 220 V ± 22 V, 50 Hz ± 1 Hz |
| Dimensions (L×W×H) | 435 × 135 × 320 mm |
| Net Weight | 3 kg |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Type | Benchtop Abbe Refractometer |
| Temperature Control | Yes |
| Digital Display | Yes |
| Refractive Index (nD) Range | 1.3000–1.7000 |
| Brix Range | 0–100% |
| Refractive Index Accuracy | ≤ ±0.0002 |
| Brix Accuracy | ≤ ±0.1% |
| Temperature Display Resolution | 0.1 °C |
| Temperature Control Range | 0–50 °C |
| Dimensions | 330 × 180 × 380 mm |
| Weight | 10 kg |
| Power Supply | 220–240 V AC, 50 Hz ±1 Hz |
| Operating Ambient Temperature | 20–35 °C |
| Interface | RS232 |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WYL-2 |
| Light Source | 12 V / 50 W Tungsten-Halogen Lamp |
| Qualitative Measurement Range | ≤560 nm (First-Order Interference Color) |
| Full-Wave Retardation Plate | 560 nm |
| Analyzer Aperture Diameter | φ150 mm |
| Stage Glass Aperture Diameter | φ220 mm |
| Max. Sample Height | 250 mm |
| Power Supply | 220 V ± 22 V, 50 Hz ± 1 Hz, 30 W |
| Dimensions (L×W×H) | 570 mm × 510 mm × 870 mm |
| Net Weight | 20 kg |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WYL-3 |
| Light Source | 12 V / 50 W Tungsten-Halogen Lamp |
| Qualitative Measurement Range | ≤560 nm (First-Order Interference Color) |
| Quantitative Measurement Range | ≤280 nm (First-Order Interference Color) |
| Resolution | 0.2 nm |
| Sample Height Capacity | 250 mm |
| Full-Wave Retardation Plate | 560 nm |
| Analyzer Aperture Diameter | φ150 mm |
| Stage Glass Aperture Diameter | φ220 mm |
| Power Supply | 220 V ± 22 V, 50 Hz ± 1 Hz, 30 W |
| Dimensions (L×W×H) | 570 mm × 510 mm × 950 mm |
| Net Weight | 21 kg |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WYV-S |
| Product Type | Benchtop Refractometer |
| Display | Color LCD Touchscreen (5.6") |
| Measurement Range (nD) | 1.300000–1.950000 (solids), 1.300000–1.700000 (liquids) |
| Brix Range | 0–100% |
| Resolution (nD) | 0.000001 |
| Resolution (Brix) | 0.01% |
| Accuracy (nD) | ±0.00005 |
| Accuracy (Brix) | ±0.1% |
| Wavelengths | 404.7 nm, 435.8 nm, 486.1 nm, 546.1 nm, 587.6 nm, 589.3 nm, 656.3 nm, 706.5 nm |
| Light Sources | Hydrogen lamp, Sodium lamp, Helium lamp, Mercury lamp |
| Temperature Display Range | 0–50 °C |
| Telescope Magnification | 5× |
| Interfaces | RS232, USB, USB flash drive support |
| Dimensions (Instrument) | 420 × 240 × 440 mm |
| Power Supply Unit Dimensions | 170 × 190 × 160 mm |
| Net Weight | 32 kg |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Product Type | Handheld Refractometer |
| Display | LCD digital |
| Measurement Principle | Critical-angle refractometry |
| Auto Temperature Compensation (ATC) | Yes |
| Auto Power-Off | Yes |
| Battery Low Warning | Yes |
| Unit Conversion | °C / °F |
| Measurement Range | Brix 0–92%, Refractive Index 1.3300–1.5233, Salinity 0–28%, Urine Specific Gravity 1.000–1.060, Alcohol 0–60% v/v or w/w, Honey Moisture (IHC2002/GB), Serum Protein 0–14 g/dL, Glycol Concentration, Battery Electrolyte, Soy Milk Solids |
| Resolution | 0.1% (Brix), 0.001 (SG), 0.0001 (RI) |
| Accuracy | ±0.2% Brix (typical), ±0.0003 RI (typical) |
| Operating Life | >10,000 measurements per charge |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WZB-F 45 |
| Product Type | Handheld Refractometer |
| Temperature Control | Yes |
| Digital Display | Yes |
| Operating Temperature Range | 0–40 °C (32–104 °F) |
| Temperature Accuracy | ±0.5 °C (±1 °F) |
| Temperature Compensation Range | 5–40 °C (41–104 °F) |
| Sample Volume | 0.3 mL |
| Dimensions | 145 × 67 × 38 mm |
| Net Weight | 185 g |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Product Type | Handheld Refractometer |
| Display | TFT Color Backlit LCD |
| Temperature Compensation | Automatic (ATC) |
| Measurement Ranges | Brix (0–92%), Honey (Brix 58–92%, Be° 38–43, IHC/GB water content), Salinity (0–28%), Sugar-Salinity Dual Scale, Wine (Brix, Potential Alcohol % v/v, Oe, KMW), Urine Specific Gravity (1.000–1.060), Serum Protein (0–14 g/dL), Ethanol (0–60% v/v or w/w), Soy Milk (0–35%), Antifreeze (Ethylene/Propylene Glycol, Battery Fluid SG, Windshield Fluid) |
| Accuracy | ±0.1–0.5% for Brix |
| IP Rating | IP65 |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Product Type | Handheld Refractometer |
| Temperature Compensation | Yes |
| Digital Display | Yes |
| Measurement Ranges | Brix 58–92%, Baumé 38–43°, Moisture Content (IHC2002) 13–25%, Refractive Index 1.4370–1.5233 |
| Minimum Resolution | 0.1% (Brix, Baumé, Moisture), 0.0001 (RI) |
| Accuracy | ±0.2% (Brix), ±0.1° (Baumé), ±0.1% (Moisture), ±0.0003 (RI) |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Product Type | Handheld Refractometer |
| Temperature Compensation | Yes |
| Digital Display | Yes |
| Measurement Range (Brix) | 58–92% |
| Refractive Index Range | 1.4370–1.5233 |
| Resolution (Brix) | 0.1% |
| Resolution (RI) | 0.0001 |
| Accuracy (Brix) | ±0.2% |
| Accuracy (RI) | ±0.0003 |
| Auto Power-Off | Yes |
| Battery Low Warning | Yes |
| °C/°F Toggle | Yes |
| Operating Life | >10,000 measurements |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WZZ-1 |
| Instrument Type | Automatic Polarimeter |
| Light Source | Sodium Lamp (589 nm) |
| Measurement Range | ±45° (optical rotation) |
| Minimum Scale Division | 0.001° |
| Accuracy Class | 0.05 |
| Permissible Error | ±(0.01 + 0.05% of reading)° |
| Repeatability (Std. Dev. δ) | ≤0.01° |
| Sample Transmittance Requirement | ≥10% |
| Power Supply | 220 V ±22 V, 50 Hz ±1 Hz, 150 W |
| Dimensions (L×W×H) | 605 × 320 × 220 mm |
| Net Weight | 26 kg |
| Temperature Control | None |
| Display | Analog scale dial (no digital readout) |
| Standard Cells | 100 mm and 200 mm path-length glass tubes |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WZZ-2S, WZZ-2B |
| Measurement Range | ±45° |
| Angular Resolution | 0.001° |
| Accuracy | ±(0.01° + 0.05% of reading) |
| Display | Backlit LCD |
| Light Source | Sodium D-line (589.3 nm) |
| Temperature Control | None |
| Data Output | RS232 interface (WZZ-2B), Printer port (WZZ-2S) |
| Sample Compatibility | Suitable for dark-colored solutions |
| Data Storage | Up to 3 measurements with auto-averaging |
| Brand | YDWG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WZZ-2S |
| Product Type | Automatic Polarimeter |
| Temperature Control | None |
| Display | Backlit LCD (5-inch) |
| Light Source | LED with Interference Filter (589 nm) |
| Measurement Range | ±45° (optical rotation), ±120°Z (saccharimetric scale) |
| Minimum Resolution | 0.001° (optical rotation), 0.01°Z (sugar scale) |
| Accuracy | ±(0.01 + 0.05% of reading)° (optical rotation), ±(0.03 + 0.05% of reading)°Z (sugar scale) |
| Repeatability (Std. Dev. δ) | ≤0.002° |
| Data Storage | Up to 3 measurements with auto-averaging |
| Interface | Optional dedicated thermal printer (RD-TH32 SC) |
| Power Supply | 220 V ± 22 V, 50 Hz ± 1 Hz, 150 W |
| Dimensions | 605 × 370 × 260 mm |
| Net Weight | 21 kg |
| Accuracy Class | 0.05 |
| Brand | YDWO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WGZ-4000 / WGZ-2000 / WGZ-1000 / WGZ-500 / WGZ-200 / WGZ-100 |
| Measurement Range | 0.000–50.00 NTU |
| Resolution | 0.1 NTU |
| Accuracy | ≤ ±6% |
| Light Source | Tungsten-halogen lamp, 400–600 nm |
| Display Units | NTU, FTU, EBC, ASBC |
| Sample Cell | Ø25 mm × 95 mm, 30–40 mL capacity |
| Data Storage | 1000 measurement records |
| Interface | USB port & USB flash drive support |
| Compliance | ISO 7027, HJ 1075–2019, GLP-ready |
| Power Supply | 220 V ± 22 V, 50 Hz ± 1 Hz, 30 W |
| Dimensions | 358 × 323 × 160 mm |
| Net Weight | 6 kg |
| Brand | YDWO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WSB-3 |
| Measurement Modes | R457 Blue-Light Whiteness, Fluorescent Whiteness, Opacity |
| Illumination Geometry | d/0 and 45/0 compliant |
| Spectral Peak | 457 nm ±2 nm, FWHM: 45 nm ±5 nm |
| Detector | Silicon Photodiode |
| Aperture | 20 mm |
| Range | 0–150 WHITENESS UNITS |
| Resolution | 0.01 unit |
| Accuracy | ±1.0 units |
| Repeatability | ≤0.2 units |
| Stability (8-hr drift) | ≤0.1 units |
| Display | 7-inch color capacitive touchscreen |
| Data Storage | 200 test records |
| Interface | USB host for U-disk export |
| Power | 100–240 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 40 W |
| Dimensions (W×D×H) | 360 × 228 × 312 mm |
| Net Weight | 4.8 kg |
| Brand | YDWO (Yidian Woguang) |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WYA |
| Type | Benchtop Abbe Refractometer |
| Display | Digital temperature readout & optical scale reading |
| Measurement Range (nD) | 1.3000–1.7000 |
| Brix Range | 0–95% |
| Accuracy (nD) | ±0.0002 (estimated reading) |
| Mean Dispersion Indication | ±0.0005 |
| Temperature Display | Digital thermometer |
| Viewing Method | Monocular |
| Dimensions | 130 mm × 90 mm × 240 mm |
| Net Weight | 2 kg |
| Construction | Stainless steel base, hardened optical glass prisms |
| Thermal Integration | Integrated flow cell compatible with external thermostatic water bath |
| Brand | YDWO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WYA-2S |
| Product Type | Benchtop Refractometer |
| Display | Digital LCD |
| Measurement Range (nD) | 1.3000–1.7000 |
| Resolution (nD) | 0.0001 |
| Accuracy (nD) | ±0.0002 |
| Temperature Display Range | 0–50 °C |
| Power Supply | 220 V ± 22 V, 50 Hz ± 1 Hz, 30 W |
| Dimensions | 290 × 180 × 390 mm |
| Net Weight | 10 kg |
| Compliance | GB/T 12143–2008, GB/T 18963–2012, GB/T 21730–2008 |
| Brand | YDWO |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WYA-2W |
| Product Type | Benchtop Abbe Refractometer |
| Measurement Range (nD) | 1.3000–1.7000 |
| Brix Range | 0–95% |
| Accuracy (nD) | ±0.0003 (estimated reading) |
| Mean Dispersion Display Accuracy | ±0.0005 |
| Temperature Readout | Digital thermometer (external or integrated display) |
| Viewing Method | Binocular observation |
| Dimensions | 160 mm × 140 mm × 100 mm |
| Net Weight | 3 kg |
| Prism Material | Hard optical glass |
| Base Material | Stainless steel |
| Flow Cell | Integrated circulation chamber (compatible with external thermostatic bath) |
| Compliance | Designed to meet general laboratory requirements for refractive index measurement per ISO 2859 and ASTM D1218 |
| Brand | YDWO (Yidian Woguang) |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shanghai, China |
| Model | WYA-3S |
| Type | Benchtop Abbe Refractometer |
| Display | Color LCD Touchscreen |
| Measurement Range (nD) | 1.30000–1.72000 |
| Measurement Range (Brix) | 0–100% |
| Resolution (nD) | 0.00001 |
| Resolution (Brix) | 0.01% |
| Accuracy (nD) | ±0.0002 |
| Accuracy (Brix) | ±0.1% |
| Temperature Display Range | −20–120 °C |
| Data Storage Capacity | 500 sets |
| Interface | RS232 & USB |
| Power Supply | 220 V ±22 V, 50 Hz ±1 Hz, 30 W |
| Dimensions | 290 × 180 × 390 mm |
| Net Weight | 10 kg |
| Compliance | GB/T 12143–2008, GB/T 18963–2012, GB/T 21730–2008 |