Other Industry Specialized Instruments
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| Brand | AWT |
|---|---|
| Origin | United Kingdom |
| Model | 3000 Series |
| Compliance | EN 54-7, EN 54-5, EN 14604, BS 5446-2, GB 4715-2024, GB 4716-2024 |
| Configuration Options | 3100 (optical smoke only), 3400 (optical smoke + thermal verification), 3800 (optical smoke + thermal verification + refrigerated aerosol generation) |
| Brand | Axetris |
|---|---|
| Origin | Switzerland |
| Model | LGD Compact-A CH4/C2H6 |
| Measurement Range | 0–100 ppm / 4% CH₄ & 0–1000 ppm C₂H₆ |
| Resolution | ±0.8 ppm (CH₄, low range) & ±15 ppm (C₂H₆) |
| Minimum Detectable Range | 0–100 ppm CH₄ & 0–1000 ppm C₂H₆ |
| Response Time (T90) | <2 s |
| Operating Principle | Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLS) |
| Product Type | Biogas & Natural Gas Analysis Module |
| Compliance | CE, RoHS, REACH |
| Integration Form Factor | OEM-ready compact module (PCB-mountable, 32 × 32 × 12 mm) |
| Brand | Ayao Instruments |
|---|---|
| Origin | Hubei, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Authorized Distributor |
| Origin Category | Domestic (PRC) |
| Model | HET |
| Pricing | Upon Request |
| Instrument Type | Variable-Temperature Hall Effect Tester |
| Measurement Principle | Van der Pauw Method |
| Sample Form | Thin Films & 2D Layers |
| Compatible Materials | Si, ZnO, SiGe, SiC, GaAs, InGaAs, InP, GaN (n-type & p-type) |
| Temperature Range | Cryogenic to 500 K (configurable with optional cryostat or furnace) |
| Magnetic Field Range | ±1.5 T (standard electromagnet), up to ±9 T (with superconducting magnet option) |
| Current Source Accuracy | ±0.05% of reading |
| Voltage Measurement Resolution | 100 nV |
| Data Acquisition Rate | Up to 100 samples/sec per channel |
| Software Compliance | Supports ASTM F76, ISO/IEC 17025 traceability logs, GLP-compliant audit trail (optional) |
| Origin | Germany |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer Type | Authorized Distributor |
| Origin Category | Imported |
| Model | B-Series High-Precision Tree Micro-Drill Resistograph |
| Pricing | Upon Request |
| Detection Depth | 300 / 400 / 1000 mm |
| Penetration Speed | 6–50 cm/min |
| Resolution | 0.04 mm |
| Data Storage Capacity | 256 kB (≈8 m) / 512 kB (≈18 m) / 1 MB (≈38 m) |
| Drill Needle Lifetime | ~200 insertions |
| Power Supply | 36 V NiCd rechargeable battery |
| Charger Input | 110–220 V AC |
| Operating Temperature | 0–50 °C |
| Brand | B&E / Balentine Enterprises |
|---|---|
| Origin | USA |
| Supplier Type | Authorized Distributor |
| Product Category | Imported Reference Material |
| Model | ITRB2 |
| Pricing | Available Upon Request |
| Brand | B&E / Balentine Enterprises |
|---|---|
| Origin | USA |
| Supplier Type | Authorized Distributor |
| Product Origin | Imported |
| Model | IRB9 |
| Pricing | Available Upon Request |
| Brand | B+S / Bellingham + Stanley |
|---|---|
| Origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer Type | Authorized Distributor |
| Origin Category | Imported |
| Model | EDM 3611 |
| Pricing | Available Upon Request |
| Brand | B+S / Bellingham + Stanley |
|---|---|
| Origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer Type | Authorized Distributor |
| Origin Category | Imported |
| Model | SVP 4600 |
| Pricing | Upon Request |
| Brand | B2 |
|---|---|
| Origin | Austria |
| Model | HVA200 |
| Output Voltage | 200 kV peak (140 kV rms) sinusoidal VLF |
| DC Voltage | ±200 kV |
| Output Current | up to 140 mA |
| Maximum Capacitive Load | 6 µF at 140 kV rms |
| Output Power | 7.2 kVA |
| Frequency Range | 0.01–0.1 Hz |
| Input | 3P+N+PE, 230/400 VAC, 48–62 Hz, 9 kVA |
| Dimensions (L×H×W) | 430 × 230 × 120 cm |
| Weight | <900 kg |
| Operating Temperature | −10 °C to +45 °C |
| Storage Temperature | −25 °C to +70 °C |
| Humidity | 5–85% non-condensing |
| Ingress Protection | IP22 |
| Interface | Optical fiber and USB |
| Brand | Balentine Enterprises (B&E) |
|---|---|
| Origin | USA |
| Supplier Type | Authorized Distributor |
| Import Status | Imported |
| Material Grade | Pigment-Grade ZnO |
| Purity (ZnO) | >99.9% |
| Specific Surface Area | 2.97 m²/g |
| Pb Content | 0.0011% |
| Cd Content | <0.0001% |
| Fe Content | <0.0001% |
| Moisture | 0.09% |
| +325 Mesh Retain | <0.0001% |
| Brand | Batop |
|---|---|
| Origin | Germany |
| Model | TDS1008 / TDS1010 / TDS1015 |
| Laser Wavelength | 800 nm / 1040 nm / 1560 nm |
| Spectral Range | 0.05–3.5 THz / 0.05–2.5 THz / 0.05–2.0 THz |
| Dynamic Range | >60 dB / >60 dB / >50 dB |
| Scan Range | 500 ps (2 GHz frequency resolution) |
| THz Beam Diameter | 22 mm (collimated) / 1–3 mm (focused) |
| Sample Aperture | 55 × 55 mm (collimated) / 5 × 5 mm (focused) |
| Power Supply | 100–240 V, 50–60 Hz |
| Dimensions | 600 × 600 × 250 mm³ |
| Weight | 50 kg |
| Brand | BATOP |
|---|---|
| Origin | Germany |
| Product Type | Monolithic Saturable Absorber Mirror |
| Substrate | High-Reflectivity Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) |
| Active Layer | Nd:YVO₄ bonded to mirror substrate |
| Pump Wavelength | 808 nm |
| Lasing Wavelength | 1064 nm |
| Pulse Duration Options | ~90 ps or ~150 ps |
| Pulse Energy | 4 nJ (90 ps) / 10 nJ (150 ps) |
| Repetition Rate Range | 100 kHz – 3 MHz |
| Operating Temperature | 20–25 °C (stabilized) |
| Damage Threshold | >500 MW/cm² (for 1064 nm, 100 ps pulses) |
| Brand | Batop |
|---|---|
| Origin | Germany |
| Model | newopto |
| Spectral Range | 0.1–2.5 THz |
| Spectral Resolution | 2 GHz |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio (at 0.4 THz) | 1000 |
| Minimum Scan Time | 0.5 s |
| THz Beam Diameter | 12 mm |
| Laser Source | Fiber-Coupled Femtosecond Laser (1060 nm) |
| THz Emitter | PCA-40-05-10-1060-c-f (fiber-coupled photoconductive antenna with THz lens) |
| THz Detector | PCA-44-06-10-1060-c-f (fiber-coupled photoconductive antenna with THz lens) |
| Delay Line | Mechanical stage with 1 ns time delay range |
| Electronics | Pulse generator + lock-in amplifier |
| Software | T3DS spectrometer control and analysis suite (pre-installed on dedicated laptop) |
| Optional Accessories | Manual XY substrate holder (50 mm travel), PTFE-based aspheric THz lenses, silicon substrate lenses |
| Brand | BAUR (Austria) |
|---|---|
| Origin | Austria |
| Model | Locator Set |
| Output Power (AC Mains) | 0–50 VA |
| Output Power (Battery) | 0–20 VA |
| Max Output Current | 8 A |
| Frequencies | 2 kHz ±0.1% (k-factor ≤1.5% at 4 VA), 10 kHz ±0.1% (k-factor ≤3% at 4 VA) |
| Output Impedance Steps | 1 Ω / 3 Ω / 10 Ω / 30 Ω / 100 Ω / 300 Ω / 1000 Ω |
| Built-in Rechargeable Battery | 12 V, 9.5 Ah |
| Operating Temperature | −20 °C to +50 °C |
| Dimensions (W×H×D) | 290 × 130 × 240 mm |
| Weight | 9.5 kg |
| Input Voltage (Mains) | 110–120 V / 220–230 V / 240 V ±10%, 50–60 Hz |
| DC External Power Input | 12–24 V DC (reverse-polarity protected) |
| Runtime at 20 VA | ~2.5 h |
| Brand | BAUR |
|---|---|
| Origin | Austria |
| Model | PGK 25 |
| Output Voltage Range | 0–5 kV DC and 0–25 kV DC |
| Weight | 16.5 kg |
| Timer Range | 1–30 min (±1 min) |
| Compliance | IEC 60502, IEEE 400.2, VDE 0276-620, EN 61010-1 |
| Brand | BCC |
|---|---|
| Model | MGA-6000 |
| Measurement Principle | Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) |
| Response Time (T90) | ≤20 s |
| Measurement Range | 0–8000 mg/Nm³ |
| Minimum Detectable Range | 0–500 mg/Nm³ |
| Resolution | 0.1 mg/Nm³ |
| Zero Drift | ≤±1.5% FS |
| Span Drift | ≤±1.5% FS |
| Linearity Error | ≤±2% |
| Operating Temperature | 10–30 °C |
| Power Consumption | ≤120 W |
| Output Signals | 4–20 mA, RS232/RS485, USB, Ethernet |
| Alarm Outputs | High/Low H₂S concentration, sample flow fault (dry contact) |
| [Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) |
| Product Category | Domestic Instrument |
| Model | AHSB-20A Plus |
| Sample Capacity | 20 positions |
| Vial Size Compatibility | 10 mL or 20 mL (customizable up to 100 mL) |
| Quantitative Loop Volume | 1 mL (optional: 0.5 / 2 / 5 mL) |
| Sample Heating Range | 40–220 °C (expandable to 300 °C) |
| Valve & Transfer Line Heating Range | 40–220 °C (expandable to 300 °C) |
| Temperature Accuracy | ±0.5 °C |
| Temperature Stability | < ±0.5 °C |
| Pressure Control Range | 0–0.25 MPa (continuously adjustable) |
| Pressurization Time | 0–999 s |
| Sampling Time | 0–30 min |
| Injection Time | 0–999 s |
| Bake-out/Clean Time | 0–30 min |
| Minimum Time Resolution | 1 ms |
| Carrier Gas Flow Control | 0–100 mL/min (EPC optional) |
| RSD | < 1.0% (measured on 100 ppm ethanol in water) |
| Interface | USB communication with PC |
| Compliance | Designed for GLP/GMP environments |
| [Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) |
| Product Category | Domestic Instrument |
| Model | AHSH-20A Plus |
| Sample Positions | 20 |
| Heating Range (Sample/Valve/Transfer Line) | 40–220 °C (optional up to 300 °C) |
| Temperature Accuracy | ±0.5 °C |
| Temperature Stability | < ±0.5 °C |
| Pressure Control Range | 0–0.25 MPa (continuously adjustable) |
| Quantitative Loop Volume | 1 mL (customizable: 0.5 / 2 / 5 mL) |
| Vial Capacity | 10 mL or 20 mL (customizable: 50 / 100 mL) |
| Pressurization Time | 0–999 s |
| Sampling Time | 0–30 min |
| Injection Time | 0–999 s |
| Bake-out Time | 0–30 min |
| Minimum Time Resolution | 1 ms |
| Purge Flow Rate | 0–100 mL/min (adjustable) |
| RSD | < 1.0% (for 100 ppm ethanol in water) |
| Interface | USB |
| Compliance | Designed for GLP/GMP-aligned workflows |
| Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Product Origin | Domestic (China) |
| Model | ATDS-20A |
| Pricing | Upon Request |
| Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) |
| Model | BFSPGC-9860 |
| Dimensions (L×H×W) | 520 × 480 × 500 mm |
| Column Oven Size | 260 × 250 × 150 mm |
| Column Installation Span | 152.4 mm (6-inch standard interface) |
| Weight | 50 kg |
| Power Consumption | 2500 W |
| Voltage | 220 V ±10% |
| Oven Temperature Range | +5 °C to 400 °C (1 °C increment) |
| Temperature Accuracy | ±0.1 °C |
| Temperature Gradient | ±1% (100–350 °C) |
| Ramp Rate | 0.1–50 °C/min (0.1 °C increment) |
| Max Programmed Time | 6000 min |
| Programmable Steps | 8 |
| FID Detection Limit | ≤2×10⁻¹² g/s (n-hexadecane) |
| FID Linear Range | ≥10⁷ |
| TCD Sensitivity | ≥10,000 mV·mL/mg (n-hexadecane) |
| ECD Detection Limit | ≤1×10⁻¹⁴ g/mL (⁶³Ni source) |
| FPD Detection Limit (P/S) | ≤1×10⁻¹² g/s |
| NPD Detection Limit (N/P) | ≤5×10⁻¹³ g/s |
| Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Manufacturer |
| Product Origin | Domestic (China) |
| Model | BFTDS-III |
| Pricing | Upon Request |
| [Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Model | BFTDS-III |
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) |
| Instrument Class | Benchtop Laboratory Thermal Desorption System |
| Heating Zones | Dual independent temperature-controlled zones (desorption furnace + syringe heater) |
| Desorption Temp Range | Ambient to 400 °C (1 °C increment, stability < ±0.5 °C) |
| Syringe Heater Temp Range | Ambient to 100 °C (1 °C increment, stability < ±0.5 °C) |
| Compatible Tube OD | 6 mm or 1/4″ |
| Carrier Gas Flow Control | 10–200 mL/min, stability < 0.1% |
| Syringe Capacity | Up to 100 mL gas-tight glass syringe |
| Desorption Recovery | >85% (compound-dependent) |
| Dimensions (H×W×D) | 390 × 170 × 360 mm |
| Power Consumption | ~500 W |
| Net Weight | ~9 kg |
| Compliance | Designed per GBZ/T 300.62–2017, GB 50325–2006, and ISO 16000-6 for VOC analysis] |
| [Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Model | BTDS-III |
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Manufacturer Type | OEM Manufacturer |
| Key Features | Dual-zone temperature control (desorption furnace up to 400 °C & syringe heater up to 100 °C), 1 °C programmable resolution, ±0.5 °C temperature stability, accommodates 6 mm OD or 1/4″ OD thermal desorption tubes, supports 10–200 mL/min sampling flow, compatible with 100 mL gas-tight syringes, >85% analyte recovery (butyraldehyde-dependent), compact footprint (390 × 170 × 360 mm), 500 W power consumption, 9 kg net weight] |
| [Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Model | HAHS-20A Plus |
| Sample Positions | 20 |
| Sample Vial Capacity | 10 mL or 20 mL (customizable up to 100 mL) |
| Quantitative Loop Volume | 1 mL (optional: 0.5 / 2 / 5 mL) |
| Sample Heating Range | 40–220 °C (extendable to 300 °C) |
| Valve & Transfer Line Heating Range | 40–220 °C (extendable to 300 °C) |
| Temperature Accuracy | ±0.5 °C |
| Temperature Stability | < ±0.5 °C |
| Pressure Control Range | 0–0.25 MPa (continuously adjustable) |
| Pressurization Time | 0–999 s |
| Sampling Time | 0–30 min |
| Injection Time | 0–999 s |
| Bake-out/Flush Time | 0–30 min |
| Minimum Time Resolution | 1 ms |
| Carrier Gas Flow Control | EPC optional |
| RSD | < 1.0% (for 100 ppm ethanol in water) |
| Backflush Flow | 0–100 mL/min (adjustable) |
| Interface | USB |
| Compliance | Designed for ISO/IEC 17025-aligned labs |
| [Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) |
| Country of Manufacture | China |
| Model | IAHS-20A Plus |
| Sample Positions | 20 |
| Sample Vial Capacity | 10 mL or 20 mL (customizable up to 100 mL) |
| Quantitative Loop Volume | 1 mL (optional: 0.5 / 2 / 5 mL) |
| Sample Heating Range | 40–220 °C (extendable to 300 °C) |
| Valve & Transfer Line Heating Range | 40–220 °C (extendable to 300 °C) |
| Temperature Accuracy | ±0.5 °C |
| Temperature Stability | < ±0.5 °C |
| Pressure Control Range | 0–0.25 MPa (continuously adjustable) |
| Pressurization Time | 0–999 s |
| Sampling Time | 0–30 min |
| Injection Time | 0–999 s |
| Bake-out/Flush Time | 0–30 min |
| Minimum Time Resolution | 1 ms |
| Carrier Gas Flow Control | EPC-compatible (optional) |
| Rinse Flow Rate | 0–100 mL/min (adjustable) |
| RSD | < 1.0% (measured with 100 ppm ethanol in water) |
| Interface | USB 2.0 |
| Compliance | ASTM D6866, ISO 11843-2, USP <467>, FDA 21 CFR Part 11 (software audit trail optional)] |
| [Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Model | LAHS-20A Plus |
| Sample Positions | 20 |
| Heating Range (Sample/Valve/Transfer Line) | 40–220 °C (optional to 300 °C) |
| Temperature Accuracy | ±0.5 °C |
| Temperature Stability | < ±0.5 °C |
| Pressure Control Range | 0–0.25 MPa (continuously adjustable) |
| Quantitative Loop Volume | 1 mL (customizable: 0.5/2/5 mL) |
| Vial Capacity | 10 mL or 20 mL (customizable: 50/100 mL) |
| Sampling Time | 0–30 min |
| Injection Time | 0–999 s |
| Pressurization Time | 0–999 s |
| Purge/Flush Time | 0–30 min |
| Minimum Time Resolution | 1 ms |
| Carrier Gas Flow Control | EPC-compatible (optional) |
| RSD | < 1.0% (for 100 ppm ethanol in water) |
| Interface | USB |
| Sample Path Materials | Deactivated fused-silica and high-inertness stainless-steel tubing |
| Valve Configuration | Heated 6-port switching valve with integrated quantitative loop] |
| [Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) |
| Country of Manufacture | China |
| Model | OAHS-20A Plus |
| Sample Positions | 20 |
| Heating Range (Sample/Valve/Transfer Line) | 40–220 °C (optional up to 300 °C) |
| Temperature Accuracy | ±0.5 °C |
| Temperature Stability | < ±0.5 °C |
| Pressure Control Range | 0–0.25 MPa (continuously adjustable) |
| Quantitative Loop Volume | 1 mL (customizable: 0.5 / 2 / 5 mL) |
| Vial Capacity | 10 mL or 20 mL (customizable: 50 / 100 mL) |
| Pressurization Time | 0–999 s |
| Sampling Time | 0–30 min |
| Injection Time | 0–999 s |
| Bake-out/Clean Time | 0–30 min |
| Minimum Time Resolution | 1 ms |
| Carrier Gas Flow (Purge) | 0–100 mL/min (adjustable) |
| RSD | < 1.0% (for 100 ppm ethanol in water) |
| Interface | USB |
| Valve Type | High-inertness 6-port rotary valve with heated connection point |
| Tubing | Deactivated fused-silica or SilcoNert®-treated stainless steel |
| Automation Level | Full sequence execution (equilibration, pressurization, sampling, injection, purge, vial indexing)] |
| [Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Origin | Hebei, China |
| Manufacturer Type | OEM Manufacturer |
| Model | PAH2S-20A Plus |
| Sample Capacity | 20 positions |
| Vial Sizes Supported | 10 mL and 20 mL (customizable up to 100 mL) |
| Oven Temperature Range | 40–220 °C (optional extension to 300 °C) |
| Valve & Transfer Line Temp Range | 40–220 °C (optional to 300 °C) |
| Temperature Accuracy | ±0.5 °C |
| Temperature Stability | < ±0.5 °C |
| Pressurization Time | 0–999 s |
| Sampling Time | 0–30 min |
| Injection Time | 0–999 s |
| Bake-out/Clean Time | 0–30 min |
| Minimum Time Resolution | 1 ms |
| Pressure Control Range | 0–0.25 MPa (continuously adjustable) |
| Loop Volume | 1 mL (0.5/2/5 mL optional) |
| RSD | <1.0% (for 100 ppm ethanol in water) |
| Purge Flow Rate | 0–100 mL/min (adjustable) |
| Communication Interface | USB |
| Control Modes | Front-panel keypad + PC software |
| Valve Configuration | High-inertness 6-port valve with heated connection point |
| Sample Introduction | Positive-pressure headspace sampling |
| Actuation | Motor-driven (no external gas required) |
| EPC Support | Optional electronic pressure control] |
| [Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) |
| Country of Manufacture | China |
| Model | PAHS-20A Plus |
| Sample Positions | 20 |
| Sample Vial Capacity | 10 mL or 20 mL (customizable up to 100 mL) |
| Quantitative Loop Volume | 1 mL (optional: 0.5 / 2 / 5 mL) |
| Sample Heating Range | 40–220 °C (extendable to 300 °C) |
| Valve & Transfer Line Heating Range | 40–220 °C (extendable to 300 °C) |
| Temperature Accuracy | ±0.5 °C |
| Temperature Stability | < ±0.5 °C |
| Pressure Control Range | 0–0.25 MPa (continuously adjustable) |
| Pressurization Time | 0–999 s |
| Sampling Time | 0–30 min |
| Injection Time | 0–999 s |
| Bake-out/Flush Time | 0–30 min |
| Minimum Time Resolution | 1 ms |
| Carrier Gas Flow Control | EPC-compatible (optional) |
| RSD | < 1.0% (measured on 100 ppm ethanol in water) |
| Backflush Flow Rate | 0–100 mL/min (adjustable) |
| Interface | USB 2.0 |
| Compliance | ASTM D6866, ISO 11843-2, USP <467>, ICH Q3C compliant workflows] |
| Brand | Beifen Sanpu |
|---|---|
| Model | QAHS-20A Plus |
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Sample Positions | 20 |
| Sample Vial Capacity | 10 mL or 20 mL (customizable up to 100 mL) |
| Quantitative Loop Volume | 1 mL (optional: 0.5 / 2 / 5 mL) |
| Sample Heating Range | 40–220 °C (extendable to 300 °C) |
| Valve & Transfer Line Heating Range | 40–220 °C (extendable to 300 °C) |
| Temperature Accuracy | ±0.5 °C |
| Temperature Stability | < ±0.5 °C |
| Pressurization Time | 0–999 s |
| Sampling Time | 0–30 min |
| Injection Time | 0–999 s |
| Bake-out/Flush Time | 0–30 min |
| Minimum Time Resolution | 1 ms |
| Pressurization Pressure | 0–0.25 MPa (continuously adjustable) |
| Carrier Gas Flow Control | EPC-compatible (optional) |
| RSD | < 1.0% (measured with 100 ppm ethanol in water) |
| Purge Flow Rate | 0–100 mL/min (adjustable) |
| Communication Interface | USB |
| Automation | Full sequence control with GC synchronization, self-diagnostic routines, and fault-tolerant sample positioning |