Reactor
Filter
Showing 241–270 of 447 results
| Brand | MakeWave |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shandong, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | MGX-J Series |
| Price Range | USD 21,000 – 42,500 (FOB) |
| Usable Volume | Large-scale (1000 L) |
| Construction Material | 304 Stainless Steel |
| Operating Pressure | Low-pressure (≤0.6 MPa gauge) |
| Vacuum Capability | Atmospheric operation only (no vacuum rating) |
| Frequency | 2450 MHz |
| Microwave Power Output | 8–50 kW (adjustable, industrial-grade frequency-variable magnetron source) |
| Auxiliary Electric Heating Power | 30–100 kW |
| Temperature Range | Ambient to 250 °C |
| Control Interface | PLC-based HMI touchscreen terminal |
| Compliance | GB 5959.6–2008, ISO 9001 certified |
| Brand | MakeWave |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shandong, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | MKD-H4C1 |
| Price Range | USD 14,000–21,000 (FOB) |
| Usable Volume | 80 L |
| Construction Material | 304 Stainless Steel |
| Operating Pressure | Atmospheric (0.1 MPa nominal) |
| Vacuum Capability | Not applicable (open-mode design) |
| Microwave Frequency | 2450 MHz |
| Rated Microwave Power | 4000 W (continuously adjustable, non-pulsed) |
| Max. Operating Temperature | 300 °C |
| Cooling Requirement | External chilled water supply for condenser |
| Safety Compliance | Microwave leakage < 5 mW/cm² (per GB 10436 & IEC 61000-3-2) |
| Weight | 100 kg |
| Dimensions (Main Unit) | 900 × 920 × 600 mm (W × H × D) |
| Top Support Frame Height | +500 mm |
| Certifications | ISO 9001 certified |
| Brand | MakeWave |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shandong, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | MKG-H1C1A |
| Reactor Type | High-Pressure Continuous Flow Reactor |
| Vessel Capacity | 20 L |
| Construction Material | 304 Stainless Steel with 5-Layer PTFE Coating |
| Operating Pressure Range | 0–1 MPa (optional up to 2 MPa) |
| Operating Temperature Range | 0–170 °C (optional up to 200 °C) |
| Microwave Frequency | 2450 ± 50 MHz |
| Microwave Power Output | 0–800 W (continuous, non-pulsed, linearly adjustable) |
| Flow Rate Range | 0–50 mL/min |
| Reaction Tubing | Φ1 mm × 10 m PEEK/PTFE composite tubing |
| Vacuum Capability | 2 Pa |
| Safety Compliance | Microwave leakage < 5 mW/cm² (IEC 61000-4-3 compliant) |
| Dimensions (W×H×D) | 782 × 492 × 450 mm |
| Weight | 50 kg |
| Power Supply | 220 V AC / 50 Hz |
| Total Power Consumption | 1300 W |
| Brand | MakeWave |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shandong, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | MKG-H1C1B |
| Reactor Type | Benchtop Continuous-Flow Microwave Reactor |
| Vessel Capacity | 20 L |
| Construction Material | 316 Stainless Steel |
| Operating Pressure Range | 0–0.5 MPa (optional up to 2 MPa) |
| Vacuum Capability | Up to 2 MPa (gauge, negative pressure) |
| Microwave Power Output | 0–800 W (continuous, non-pulsed, linearly adjustable) |
| Frequency | 2450 ± 50 MHz |
| Reaction Temperature Range | 0–100 °C (optional up to 200 °C) |
| Flow Rate Range | 0–1000 mL/min |
| Tubing Diameter | Φ6 mm (Φ1–Φ10 mm optional) |
| Control System | PLC-based with 7-inch color touchscreen HMI |
| Safety Compliance | Microwave leakage < 5 mW/cm² (per GB 10436 & IEC 61000-3-2), door interlock, pressure/temperature monitoring, forced-air exhaust, overpressure relief |
| Brand | Makewave |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shandong, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | MKG-M5TB |
| Chamber Volume | Small-scale |
| Construction Material | Stainless Steel |
| Operating Pressure | Low-pressure |
| Capacity | 1 m³ |
| Vacuum Level | –0.098 Pa |
| Microwave Frequency | 2450 MHz |
| Microwave Power Output | 4 kW |
| Input Power Requirement | 3-phase, 380 V ±5%, 50 Hz |
| Total Electrical Load | ≥7.5 kVA |
| Internal Cavity Dimensions | 400 × 400 × 400 mm (W × H × D) |
| Borosilicate Glass Tube Dimensions | Horizontal section — 700 mm length × 230 mm OD |
| Microwave Leakage | <5 mW/cm² (per GB 10436-2008 / IEC 62233) |
| Brand | MakeWave |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shandong, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | MKG-WM2TA |
| Price Range | USD 7,000 – 14,000 (FOB) |
| Instrument Category | Tube Reactor |
| Volume Capacity | 5 L |
| Construction Material | AISI 304 Stainless Steel |
| Operating Pressure | Low-Pressure (up to 0.1 MPa gauge) |
| Vacuum Capability | Not equipped for vacuum operation |
| Compliance | ISO 9001 certified |
| Brand | MakeWave |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shandong, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | MKM-CH1E |
| Vessel Volume | 1 L |
| Construction Material | 304 Stainless Steel (Internally PFA-Coated) |
| Operating Pressure Range | 0–0.5 MPa |
| Microwave Frequency | 2450 MHz |
| Microwave Power Output | 700 W (Continuously Adjustable, Non-Pulsed) |
| Temperature Control Range | 0–200 °C (Extended to 300 °C) |
| Flow Rate Range | 0–1000 mL/min |
| Reaction Tube Options | PFA tubing (Φ1 mm, Φ3 mm, Φ6 mm), Optional Glass Coiled Tubing |
| Safety Compliance | Microwave Leakage < 5 mW/cm² (IEC 61000-4-3 Equivalent), Interlocked Access Door, λ/4 Choke Seal, Real-Time Thermal & Overpressure Monitoring |
| Power Supply | 220 VAC / 50 Hz |
| Total Power Consumption | ≤1300 W |
| Dimensions (W×H×D) | 1270 × 923 × 472 mm |
| Net Weight | 75 kg |
| Brand | MakeWave |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shandong, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | MKM-SH1B |
| Price Range | USD 7,000–14,000 (FOB) |
| Usable Volume | Large-scale |
| Construction Material | Stainless Steel (316L grade) |
| Operating Pressure | Up to 10 MPa (1,450 psi) |
| Reaction Vessel Capacity | 500–1,000 mL |
| Vacuum Rating | 10 MPa (rated for pressurized operation, not vacuum service) |
| Brand | MakeWave |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shandong, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | MKX-H4D915 |
| Price Range | USD 21,000–42,000 (FOB) |
| Usable Volume | Large-scale (76 L cavity) |
| Construction Material | Industrial-grade 304 stainless steel with multi-layer PFA fluoropolymer coating |
| Operating Pressure Class | Medium-pressure rated (up to 2 MPa typical design) |
| Capacity | 76 L cavity volume |
| Microwave Frequencies | 2450 MHz (0–2400 W) and 915 MHz (0–1000 W), independently controllable |
| Temperature Range | 0–300 °C continuous |
| Temperature Measurement | Non-contact infrared pyrometry (0–500 °C) |
| Stirring Options | Dual-mode — overhead mechanical stirring + internal magnetic stirring, speed continuously adjustable |
| Control System | PLC-based intelligent controller with 7″ color touchscreen interface |
| Data Logging | Real-time dynamic curves (time/temperature/power), multi-segment program storage, USB export capability |
| Safety Compliance | Microwave leakage <5 mW/cm² (per GB 10436-2008), interlocked door safety, explosion-resistant viewport, integrated exhaust port, overtemperature/overpressure/overcurrent protection |
| Brand | MakeWave |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shandong, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | MKX-H4G1A |
| Reactor Type | High-Pressure Batch Reactor |
| Vessel Capacity | 3 L |
| Working Pressure | Up to 3 MPa |
| Operating Temperature | Up to 220 °C |
| Microwave Frequency | 2450 MHz |
| Rated Microwave Power | 3200 W (continuous, non-pulsed) |
| Cavity Volume | 120 L |
| Construction Material | 304 Stainless Steel with Multi-Layer PTFE Coating |
| Stirring | Magnetic Stirring with PTFE-Coated Stir Bar |
| Temperature Sensing | Fiber-Optic Probe (Insertion Type) |
| Pressure Sensing | Integrated Piezoresistive Sensor |
| Microwave Leakage | <5 mW/cm² |
| Safety Compliance | ISO 9001 Certified |
| Power Supply | 220/380 VAC, 50 Hz |
| Total Power Consumption | 6 kW |
| Dimensions (W×H×D) | 920 × 966 × 685 mm |
| Net Weight | 120 kg |
| Brand | MakeWave |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shandong, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | MKX-WD6A |
| Price Range | USD 7,000 – 14,000 (FOB) |
| Instrument Category | Reaction Vessel |
| Usable Volume | Large-scale (35 L cavity |
| Construction Material | AISI 304 Stainless Steel |
| Operating Pressure | High-pressure capable (vacuum-compatible) |
| Capacity | 35 L total cavity volume |
| Microwave Frequency | 2450 MHz |
| Max. Temperature | 1700 °C |
| Microwave Power Output | 6–30 kW (continuous, non-pulsed, infinitely variable) |
| Power Density | ≥170 W/L |
| Microwave Leakage | <5 mW/cm² (per GB 10436 & IEC 62233) |
| Compliance | ISO 9001 certified |
| Brand | MakeWave |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shandong, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Direct Manufacturer |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | MKX-XL10 |
| Usable Volume | Large (8 L) |
| Construction Material | 304 Stainless Steel |
| Operating Pressure | Medium-Pressure (up to 3 MPa) |
| Vacuum Capability | 3 MPa |
| Rated Microwave Power | 8000 W (2450 MHz, continuous non-pulsed output) |
| Max. Temperature | 220 °C |
| Max. Pressure | 3 MPa |
| Control System | PLC-based with touchscreen HMI |
| Safety Compliance | Microwave leakage < 5 mW/cm² (exceeding GB standard) |
| Weight | 120 kg |
| Dimensions (W×H×D) | 1100 × 1800 × 600 mm |
| Power Supply | 380 VAC / 50 Hz |
| Total Power Consumption | 15 kW |
| Certifications | ISO 9001 |
| Origin | Germany |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer Type | Authorized Distributor |
| Origin Category | Imported |
| Model | MaxiClave |
| Price Range | USD 135,000 – 270,000 (FOB) |
| Usable Volume | Medium-scale |
| Construction Material | ASTM A276 Type 316 Stainless Steel |
| Maximum Operating Pressure | Up to 700 bar (HPII) / 1000 bar (custom) |
| Nominal Capacity | 1000 mL |
| Ultimate Vacuum | ≤ 1×10⁻⁵ Torr |
| Temperature Range | −269°C to 1300°C (model-dependent) |
| Heating Configuration | Hot-wall or cold-wall variants available |
| Brand | El-Mul Technologies |
|---|---|
| Origin | Hubei, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Authorized Distributor |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | MFC |
| Volume Capacity | Micro-scale (customizable) |
| Construction Material | Chemically resistant polymer & borosilicate glass components |
| Operating Pressure | Low-pressure (ambient to 0.2 bar gauge) |
| Compliance | Designed for laboratory-scale electrochemical and bioelectrochemical research |
| Brand | Micromeritics |
|---|---|
| Origin | Spain |
| Model | FR-50, FR-100, FR-200 |
| Construction Material | Stainless Steel (316 SS) |
| Operating Pressure Range | Ambient to 100 bar or 200 bar (model-dependent) |
| Temperature Range | Ambient to 1000 °C |
| Number of Gas Inlets | Up to 6 |
| Mass Flow Controllers | Up to 6 integrated MFCs |
| Phase Separation | Integrated low-dead-volume gas–liquid or gas–liquid–liquid separator (US Pat. 7895891 B2 |
| Pressure Control Accuracy | ±0.1 bar (US Pat. 8740181 B2) |
| Safety System | Redundant pressure/temperature monitoring, automated shutdown, audible/visual alarms, fail-safe valve actuation |
| Origin | UK |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer Type | Authorized Distributor |
| Origin Category | Imported |
| Model | MKE-5 |
| Pricing | Upon Request |
| Construction Materials | Glass / Stainless Steel (316L) / Hastelloy C-276 |
| Vessel Capacities | 5–250 L (Standard Options: 5, 10, 20, 50, 63, 100, 250 L) |
| Temperature Range | −50 °C to +200 °C (Optional: −90 °C to +250 °C) |
| Absolute Pressure Range | 0.01–1.5 bar (Optional: 0.001–4 bar) |
| Process Capabilities | Multi-component synthesis, liquid–liquid extraction, phase separation, simple & fractional distillation, azeotropic distillation with phase split, evaporation, concentration, crystallization |
| Brand | Newport Scientific |
|---|---|
| Origin | USA |
| Manufacturer Type | Authorized Distributor |
| Origin Category | Imported |
| Model | Lab-Scale High-Pressure Reactor Series |
| Price | USD $50,000 |
| Usable Volume Range | 23–4520 mL |
| Construction Material | Modular Corrosion-Resistant Alloy with Interchangeable Liners |
| Operating Pressure | Up to 139 MPa (20,000 psi) |
| Vacuum Capability | 46–139 MPa (absolute, gauge-referenced) |
| Oscillation Angle | 30° |
| Oscillation Frequency | 36 cycles/min |
| External Drive Motor | Integrated AC Servo |
| Pressure Gauge | Dual-scale Analog + Digital Output |
| Heating Jacket | Segmented Resistive Heating with Independent Thermal Zones |
| Liner Options | Removable Pyrex® Glass, Electroless Nickel-Coated Stainless Steel, or Custom Alloy Liners |
| Brand | NORMAG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Germany |
| Type | Imported Laboratory Cascade Reactor System |
| Model | 4-Stage Cascade Synthesis Reactor |
| Pricing | Available Upon Request |
| Brand | NORMAG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Germany |
| Capacity | 50 L (adjustable range: 0.25 L to 200 L) |
| Construction Material | DIN 7080 / ISO 3585 borosilicate glass 3.3 (BSG 3.3) |
| Operating Pressure Range | -0.1 MPa (full vacuum) to +0.3 MPa (gauge) |
| Temperature Range | -30 °C to +200 °C |
| Contact Materials | BSG 3.3 and PTFE only |
| Modular Control Interface | Analog & digital I/O for temperature, pressure, stirring speed, and pH/DO sensors |
| Compliance | CE-marked, conforms to EN 61000-6-3 (EMC), EN 61000-6-2 (immunity), and DIN 12573 Part 1 (laboratory glassware standards) |
| Brand | NORMAG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Germany |
| Model | 50L Reactor-Distillation System |
| Construction Material | Borosilicate Glass 3.3 (Duran®) |
| Vessel Volume | 50 L |
| Heating/Cooling | Thermostatic Oil Circulation Bath with Jacket |
| Vacuum Compatibility | High-vacuum capable (≤1 mbar) |
| Bottom Valve | PTFE-sealed pneumatic discharge valve, zero-dead-volume design |
| Sensors | Integrated pH and Pt100 temperature probes |
| Automation | PC-based control unit with real-time data acquisition and process logging |
| Compliance | ISO 719-HGB1, ISO 720-HGA1, ISO 1776, ISO 695-A |
| Modular Interface Standard | DIN 2817 / ISO 2853 flange system |
| Stirring System | Explosion-proof magnetic or overhead drive, variable speed (0–250 rpm) |
| Distillation Assembly | Packed or structured packing column, reflux condenser with phase separation, fraction receiver with automated switching |
| Brand | NORMAG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Germany |
| Model | Normag |
| Type | Falling-Film Photochemical Reactor with Dual Thermal Management |
| Cooling/Heating Interface | External Circulating Oil Bath (via Inner Jacket) |
| Vacuum Insulation | Silver-Coated High-Vacuum Outer Jacket |
| Light Source Configuration | Central Axial Lamp Assembly |
| Flow Control | Integrated Peristaltic or Diaphragm Circulation Pump |
| Sample Introduction | Modular Inlet with Counter-Current Gas Sparging |
| Compliance | Designed for ISO/IEC 17025-aligned lab environments, compatible with GLP documentation workflows |
| Brand | NORMAG |
|---|---|
| Origin | Germany |
| Construction Material | Borosilicate Glass 3.3 (DIN ISO 3585) |
| Pressure Rating | Up to 0.5 bar(g) |
| Volume Range | 2 L – 20 L (Standard Configurations) |
| Design Standard | DIN 1561 / DIN 28120 / ASTM E438 Type I, Class A |
| Sealing System | PTFE-Coated Ground Glass Joints (ISO 2768-fine Tolerance) |
| Drive Type | Digital Speed-Controlled DC Motor with Torque Monitoring |
| Temperature Range | –80 °C to +200 °C (with Compatible Circulating Chiller/Heater) |
| Brand | Ahkemi |
|---|---|
| Origin | Anhui, China |
| Model | NSV Plus |
| Vessel Capacity | 25 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, 300 mL, 500 mL |
| Maximum Operating Pressure | 10 MPa |
| Maximum Operating Temperature | 300 °C |
| Heating Method | Embedded Stainless Steel Heating Module (1 kW) |
| Stirring Speed Range | 100–1200 rpm |
| Stirring Type | Internal Magnetic Stirring |
| Construction Material | Standard 316L Stainless Steel (Hastelloy C-276, Titanium TA2, Zirconium 702, Inconel 600, and other alloys available upon request) |
| Viewport | Sapphire Crystal Window (26 mm clear aperture for 25–50 mL |
| Sealing System | Dual-axis sealing with DuPont Kalrez perfluoroelastomer O-rings |
| Safety Systems | Integrated MEAS pressure transducer, Ashcroft analog pressure gauge, Swagelok inlet/outlet needle valves, Fitok safety relief valve + custom rupture disc, overtemperature cutoff, audible overpressure alarm |
| Control Interface | 7-inch capacitive touchscreen (real-time display of temperature, pressure, stirring speed, elapsed time) |
| Compliance | Designed to meet ASME BPVC Section VIII Div. 1 design principles |
| Brand | Zhengxin Instrument Factory |
|---|---|
| Origin | Jiangsu, China |
| Manufacturer Type | Authorized Distributor |
| Country of Origin | China |
| Model | PFM2 |
| Price | USD 420 (FOB Jiangsu) |
| Usable Volume | Small-scale (≤500 mL) |
| Construction Material | 316 Stainless Steel |
| Operating Pressure | Low-pressure (up to 0.6 MPa gauge) |
| Vacuum Capability | ≤ −0.098 MPa (absolute) |
| Design Standard | ASME BPVC Section VIII Div. 1 compliant for low-pressure service |
| Brand | PerfectLight |
|---|---|
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Model | P1 |
| Reactor Type | Dual-Station Intermittent Photoreactor |
| Light Source | Side-Illuminated Tunable LED Array (365–780 nm) |
| Total Rated Power | 20 W (5 W × 4 LEDs) |
| Reaction Volumes | 10 mL / 50 mL / 100 mL |
| Stirring Speed Range | 200–1500 rpm (synchronized across stations) |
| Gas Control | Integrated PLA-MAC1005 Multi-Channel Atmosphere Controller (CO₂, Cl₂, O₂ partial pressure regulation) |
| Dimensions | 350 mm × 250 mm × 350 mm |
| Compliance | Designed for GLP-aligned photochemical screening workflows |
| Software Interface | PoXue Smart Display with remote monitoring and multi-unit cascade capability (up to 3 units × 2 stations = 6 parallel reactions) |
| Brand | PerfectLight |
|---|---|
| Origin | Beijing, China |
| Model | P60-45 |
| Material | Borosilicate Glass (Duran-type) |
| Working Pressure | Up to 0.6 MPa (6 bar) |
| Total Volume | 180 mL |
| Usable Reaction Volume | ~90 mL |
| Electrode Configuration | Integrated Removable Three-Electrode Cap (WE/RE/CE) |
| Optical Window | Fused Silica (Quartz), Φ45 mm × 3.5 mm |
| Sealing System | Grooved Flange with Viton/FKM O-rings |
| Clamping | Dual Chain-Type Clamps (P60 & P45) |
| Electrodes | Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode (standard), Pt Sheet Counter Electrode (10 × 10 × 0.1 mm), PTFE-Shielded Working Electrode Holder |
| Brand | Parr |
|---|---|
| Origin | USA |
| Model | Parr Modular Reaction System (MRS) with 16-Station High-Throughput Configuration |
| Reactor Type | Benchtop Batch/Parallel Autoclave Reactor |
| Heating Method | Electric Cartridge Heaters with Aluminum Block Thermal Management |
| Control Architecture | Dual 4871 Process Controllers with 16 × 4875 Power Modules |
| Pressure Rating | Up to 2000 psi (13.8 MPa) |
| Temperature Range | Ambient to 350 °C |
| Vessel Capacity | Standard 4560 Microreactors (25–100 mL) |
| Stirring | Magnetic or Mechanical Drive Options |
| Safety Features | Rupture Discs, Pressure Relief Valves, Interlocked Access Doors |
| Compliance | Designed per ASME BPVC Section VIII Div. 1, CE Marked for EU Lab Use |
| Software Interface | Parr PC-Based Control Suite (Supports ASTM E2500-19, FDA 21 CFR Part 11 Audit Trail & Electronic Signature Ready) |
| Brand | PARR |
|---|---|
| Origin | USA |
| Model | 3900 Series |
| Operating Pressure | Up to 5 atm |
| Max. Temperature | 80 °C |
| Drive Mechanism | Motorized Oscillating Motion |
| Heating Method | External Electric Heating Jacket |
| Temperature Control | PID Controller with Internal Thermocouple Feedback |
| Safety Certification | Explosion-Proof Options Available |
| Compliance | Designed for GLP-compliant hydrogenation research in pharmaceutical development |
| Brand | PARR |
|---|---|
| Origin | USA |
| Model | 4500 Series |
| Vessel Capacity | 0.075–2 L |
| Construction Material | 316 Stainless Steel |
| Maximum Operating Pressure | 3000–5000 psi (207–345 bar) |
| Vacuum Capability | Yes (rated for full vacuum to full positive pressure) |
| Drive Type | Magnetic Coupling or Gear-Driven Stirring |
| Temperature Range | Up to 540 °C |
| Certifications | ASME Section VIII Div. 1, UL/cUL, CSA, CE, ISO 9001 |
| Brand | PARR |
|---|---|
| Origin | USA |
| Manufacturer Authorization | Authorized Distributor |
| Import Status | Imported |
| Model | 4520 |
| Volume Range | 1000 mL – 2000 mL |
| Maximum Operating Pressure | 130 atm (13.2 MPa) |
| Maximum Operating Temperature | 350 °C |
| Construction Materials | 316 Stainless Steel, Hastelloy® C-276, Hastelloy® C-2000 |
| Certifications | ASME BPVC Section VIII Div. 1, CSA, CE, ISO 9001, uV Listed |
| Vacuum Capability | Not Designed for Vacuum Service |
| Regulatory Compliance | Compliant with ASTM G187 (High-Pressure Reaction Vessel Safety), FDA-relevant design principles for pharmaceutical process development |
